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英国文化试题库答案Chapter One Geography and Population一、填空 1.Great Britain; Northern Ireland 2.English language 3.England; Scotland; Wales 4.Great Britain, Ireland 5.North Atlantic, the English Channel, the North Sea 6.130,000 ;60% 7.Highland Zone; Lowland Zone 8.59.6 million ;244 9.50 million;85% 10.privacy; personal affairs; the weather 11.mildness, abundant rainfall, variability 12.Severn River; 355; Bristol Strait 13.The Thames River, heavy transportation 14.Lake District 15.freshwater, handicrafts 16.Old English; Middle English; Modem English 17.petroleum, natural gas 18.mineral, water resources, aquatic resources, forest, farmland resources 19.the Welshmen, the Scotsmen, the Englishmen, the Irishmen 20.private business, reservedness
二、英译汉 1. 爱尔兰共和国 2. 英联邦 3. 爱尔兰共和军 4. 英吉利海峡 5. 低地地带 6. 湖畔派诗人 7. 北大西洋暖流 8. 西南风 9. 基督教
三、汉译英 1. British Isles 2. Sinn Fein 3. Heathrow Airport 4. Arctic Ocean 5. Jerusalem 6. Lake District 7. Thomas River 8. Celtic language 9.the Presbyterian 10.the Roman Catholic Church 11.the Eastern Orthodox Church 12.the Salvation Army 13.the Baptist
四、解释名词1.Backbone of England refers to the Pennines, which run from the highest west to the lowest east, bordering on the North Sea and featured by moorland. 2.The Church of England is the famous state church established by law, with the Queen as its head, which is a product of the religious reformation in the 16th century. The Church of England, also named the Anglican Church, is the most important denomination. As basing its teachings on the Bible, the ancient Catholic teachings and some of the doctrinal principles of the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England can therefore be described as reformed Catholic in character rather than Protestant. In practice, however, it is more mixed as some emphasize the Catholic tradition, some stress the reformed tradition and others have more liberal views. These three parties in the Church of England are sometimes called High Church (or Anglo-Catholic) favouring Roman Catholicism as holy as possible, Low Church (or Evangelical) with Protestant practices as simple as possible and Broad Church (or Liberal) in which a variety of beliefs and practices coexist. 3.The Scottish Highlands consist of many great mountains with rounded outlines, which form a barren plateau and are devoted to sheep and cattle farming and a sparsely populated. 4.The Middle Valley to the south of the Scottish Highlands was very suitable for the growth of swamp forests, and is now one of Britain’s Central Coalfields, famous for its industry and cultivated farmland. 5.The Lake District, on the west of the Pennines, is notable for its lakes and drainage as well as the inspirational for the 19th-century Lake Poets, such as William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge.
五、多选1-5ACBDA 6-9DCBA
六、问答 1. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. The English climate is mild. The temperature is very low in winter. Britain has enough rainfall throughout the years and there are many rainy days. 2. The British Isles lie within the embrace of the warm stream-the North Atlantic Drift. Besides, the south westerly wind from the Atlantic Ocean is mild and moist and it is the dominant wind in Britain. In addition, the numerous inlets make the penetration inland of oceanic influence more effective. 3.Answer the following questions in a few sentences.4.There are four factors that contribute to the mild climate and variable weather. First of all, the surrounding sea waters balance the differences of the seasons, keeping it cool in summer and warm in winter because of the relatively slow heating and cooling of the water temperature in the ocean and seas. Secondly, the westerly wind, warm and wet, stays for the whole year and brings warm and wet air to the island. Thirdly, the numerous inlets of the rivers sweep the barriers to the incoming of the westerly wind and moisture. Last but not least, the North Atlantic current flows through and warms up the west coastline of the British Isles 5.No matter what denomination the Protestants believe in, they would like to keep united and cooperative, undertake their social responsibility, shake differences in political parties, keep up with the times and share a wide interest in religion.
Chapter Two Government and Politics一、填空1．constitutional monarch; the monarch 2．the constitution 3．central government; county government; district government 4．Majesty's Government 5．convicted of crimes 6．living symbol 7．reigning monarch; Prince of Wales 8．the monarch; the House of Lords; the House of Commons 9．duke; marquis; earl; viscount; baron 10．legal documents, the common laws 11．symbol, Parliament, Cabinet 12．6.1264, the House of Lords, the House of Commons 13．7.the King or Queen, the House of Lords, the House of Commons 14．the Prime Minister 15．party politics 16．the Privy Council, Charles I 17．two-party system 18．Conservative Party; Labor Party 19．Whigs; Tories 20．Conservative Party 21．Labor Party; unionists; Fabian 22．659 23．18 or over 24．Acts of Parliament; common law; European Union law 25．Magistrates’s courts; county courts; Supreme Court 26．barristers; solicitors
二、英译汉 1. 君主立宪制度 2. 上议院议长 3. 正义之源 4. 荣誉之源 5. 内阁文件 6. 白金汉宫 7. 爱丁堡公爵 8. (下议院)议长 9. 内阁 10. 保守党 11. 工党 12. 玛格丽特•撒切尔 13. 费边社 14. 选区 15. 电视辩论 16. 选票 17. 治安官 18. 陪审团 19. 苏格兰场
三、汉译英 1．party politics 2．Archbishop of Canterbury 3．Westminster Abbey 4．the Court of St. Jame’s 5．common law 6．Downing Street 7．Shadow Cabinet 8．middle class 9．Member of Parliament 10．independent candidate 11．mass media 12．safe seats 13．majority party 14．circuit judges 15．Summary of fences 16．The Court of Appeals 17．the Law Society 18．the Act of Settlement 19．the Lord Chancellor 20．the Bill of Rights 21．The Magistrate’s Court 22．The Privy Council
四、解释名词1.The system of the British government is the Constitutional Monarchy, which started at the end of the 17th century. The British Constitution prescribes that the head of state must be the Monarch, in the name of whom the British government administers the country. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Sovereign, to Parliament, to their political party, and ultimately to the electorate. 2.The Cabinet serves as the nucleus of the government. It is composed of the chiefs of the most important ministries and departments and headed by the Prime Minister, who decides the composition of the Cabinet. The Cabinet performs a vital role in the British government. Most important bills debated in Parliament originate in the Cabinet and can often win the approval of Parliament. The organs of state power, such as the army, police and courts, are under the control of the Cabinet, because the Cabinet is determined by the party that possesses the majority of seats in Parliament. 3.It refers to a political system in which two major parties have been competing for the position of power. The one, who wins most of the seats in Parliament by election every five years, has the right to organize the Cabinet, and becomes the party in power. The leader of the party in power takes up the post of the Prime Minister of the Cabinet, and virtually becomes the supreme administrator of the whole country with the power of office appointments and the right to organize and speak for the government. The one who wins a minority of the seats serves as the party in opposition, organizing an unofficial Shadow Cabinet and monitoring the work of each minister. 4.The House of Lords served for the benefit of the feudal nobles in the beginning, and members of the Upper House were mostly descendants of those feudal Lords. Theoretically, the House of Lords has a veto power in introducing and approving bills before they become laws. But its power has been reduced greatly. According to an act passed in 1949, it can not veto a bill, but can delay for no more than one year its passing into law because its members are not elected. Therefore, the House of Lords has no real power, but provides a forum for high-level debates about big problems and endorses passage of the legislation already approved by the House of Commons. 5.The House of Commons is known as the Lower House, which makes most important decisions and possesses the real political power. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the over-18-year-old citizens of Britain, except some professionals such as judges, bishops and soldiers, etc., and they have to be reelected at the end of the five-year term. The duty of the Lower House is to present and debate the bills. Then the approved bills by vote will go to the Upper House for its deliberations.
五、多选1-5 ADBCD 6-10 ABDAC
六、问答 1.The Parliament, is the Britain’s supreme legislature. It has the power to make unmake, or change any law. Besides, it determines the revenue and expenditures of the government 2.The Cabinet, as the nucleus of the government, performs a pivotal role in the English government. Most of the important bills under the debate in the Parliament originate in the Cabinet. It controls a majority of the seats in Parliament and policies proposed by the Cabinet can of ten win the approval of Parliament. 3. The British prime minister is elected in the general election. There are 659 seats in Parliament and the country is divided into 659 electoral districts. If a party wins the seats in Parliament, it becomes known as the majority party. The leader of the party will be nominated as prime minister by the Queen. 4. Magistrates’court shear charges against people accused of summary offences which can be legally disposed of by magistrates without a jury. 5.The English police force is said to have been founded by Sir Robert Peel, Prime Minister under King William IV. It was his name that gave birth to the custom of calling policemen by “bobby” or “peeler ”,nicknames for Robert Peel. 6.The reasons for the existence of the monarchy lie in the following two aspects: on the one hand, as the Monarch is highly respected by the whole nation, the bourgeois make use of such a supreme position to rule the country; on the other hand, the King or Queen, as the head of Britain as well as that of the British Commonwealth, is the symbol of the unity of the British Empire and the connection between all the members of the Commonwealth, which makes the British Empire an inseparable unity. 7.The duty of the Lower House is to present and debate the bills. The accepted bills will go to a special group of people for technical consideration and the improvement of language. Then the approved bills by vote go to the Upper House for its deliberation. In the end, passed bills are sent to the Monarch for the ceremonial formality of royal assent before becoming law.
Chapter Three Education and social life一、填空 2. advisory, autonomy 3. public 4. 5, 16, compulsory 5. general education, religious instructions 6. Grammar 7. Comprehensive secondary 8. Secondary modern 9. Higher education, financial assistance 10. academic work, polytechnics, colleges 11. upper class; middle class; working class 12. Middle class 13. nuclear 14. 16;16;18 15. equality; independence 16. Soup; salad; beef; mutton; carrots; peas; beans; dessert; sweet 17. alcoholic drinks 18. Honor; pass 19. two-week; four-week 20. National Health Service; the Social Security; personal social service
二、英译汉 1. 上层阶级 2. 中层阶级 3. 劳动阶级 4. 圣母玛丽业 5. 基督•耶稣 6. 反性别歧视法案 7. 普通中学教育毕业证 8. 中学毕业统考 9. 公学 10.开放性大学
三、汉译英 1. Bacon 2. Newton 3. Faraday 4. Fleming 5.grammar schools 6. Independent Schools 7. Oxford University 8. Cambridge University 9.welfare state 10. Manpower Services Commission 11.the Social Security program
四、解释名词1.Public schools are generally controlled by governing bodies. Most public schools are named after the town or village in which they are located. These schools aim at shaping character and individuality as well as enabling study of classics and science. The school spirit is based on both team spirit and leadership that are developed through interactive games. 2.The state schools are financed by the central government that has a loose state control over the schools. The Department of Education and Science establishes standards for schools and sends out inspectors to visit, to give advice and to suggest new ideas. 3.The Open University is an innovation of higher education, founded in 1969. Open to everyone, it does not demand the same formal qualifications as other universities. The university, with tutors and counselors all over Britain, offers courses through TV channel and by radio, provides residential courses for two or three weeks in summer, and sometimes holds some classes in the evening. Successful students are granted a university degree at the end of the courses. Up to the present, the Open University is the cheapest and most far-reaching method in spreading higher education. 4.The operation of this state depends on the following strategies: system of national insurance based on the contributions of the employed to help those unemployed, the National Health Service that provides free or nearly free medical and dental care for everyone, supplementary benefits provided for those with lower income, and many services such as compulsory education and family allowances for the benefit of children. The funds and expenditure for all the services depend on public money contributed by the taxpayers and general taxation by the state. The National Health Service covers mental illness as well as ordinary sickness, providing medical treatment both in hospital and outside. 5.Comprehensive secondary schools provide a wide variety of subjects in the first two or three years, and then relate requirements allowing their pupils to choose their favorite subjects. Pupils at ages 15 or 16 can take the General Certificate of Secondary Education and enter the Sixth Form to study for two or three years. At the age of 18, there is another examination for the Advanced Level of the General Certificate of Education. The pupils who do well in it can enter a university.
五、多选1-5BAAAC 6-10DBCAB
六、问答 1. The British education aims to develop the abilities of individuals for their own benefit and that of society as a whole. In 1870, it provided the state-financed primary education. The education act established free and compulsory education for all children. It tends to segregate pupils on the basis of their academic ability. Schools provided religious education to cultivate students’moral sense . 2.Cambridge has been prominent and more advanced in mathematics and sciences since the days of Newton, and a number of Cambridge mathematicians and scientists have won the Nobel Prize. Oxford, however, has developed into the so-called cradle for Prime Ministers, because numerous political leaders and Cabinet members were once students at Oxford. 3. The from-cradle-to-gave social welfare program means that the state, or the government should ensure that unemployment, old age, sickness ,or dependent children. Chapter Four Economy and Major Cities一、填空 1. capitalist system 2.public, private 3. 63%; half 4. 7%; 3.5% 5. state-owned enterprises 6. private individuals 7. one family; several partners 8. Zinc; lead; silver; gold 9. eighth 10. Poland; South Africa: Australia 11.Rolls Royce 12.energy, producer 13.chain stores 14.Liverpool 15.coal-exporting, business and serving 16.Northern Ireland, Northern Ireland
二、英译汉 1. 国民生产总值 2. 潘多拉的盒子 3. 看不见的手 4. 凯恩斯主义 5. 放任主义 6. 世界工厂 7. 依赖文化 8. 私有部分 9. 有限责任公司 10.英国病
三、汉译英 1. Treasure Department 2. stagflation 3. British Airways 4. the Royal Mail 5. From-cradle-to-grave welfare system 6. Common Agricultural Policy 7. the Iron Lady 8. the West end 9. the East end 10.monetarism 11.Parliament Mansions 12.Downing Street 13.Buckingham Palace
四、解释名词1. The capitalist system is characterized by free enterprise and a market economy, which is based on private ownership and money capital. 2. In 1979, Prime Minister Thatcher advocated a radical economic program — privatization, which resulted in many state-owned businesses joining the private sector and a high rate of unemployment. Privatization means that businesses are owned and managed by people as private individuals, covering the agricultural, mining, manufacturing, construction, financial and service industries, which is characterized by higher efficiency and profits. 3. London was given its nickname “foggy town” after the Industrial Revolution because of the serious air pollution. But now due to government management, its environment is getting better hundred years later. 4. Edinburgh is a centre of socialization and culture as well as one of the most attractive cities. As an ancient cultural city, it holds the three-week Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama, attracting art groups from all over the world. Its historic sites remind people of the European cultural city — Athens. Therefore, Edinburgh is called “Athens of the North”. 5. The West End of London is the booming business district. In the south of the West End stands the political centre of London —the City of Westminster, which is famous for Downing Street, Buckingham Palace and the Parliament Mansions.
五、多选1-5 BACDA 6-10 DBACB
六、问答 1.During the post-war period, Britain fell into an economic decline, which improved less rapidly than that in other countries, because Britain was badly damaged by German bombing, lost its colonies that provided raw materials and big markets for British products, and had gone into debt in order to fund the war. 2.It is put forward by the British economist Adam Smith. He argued, that every individual in pursuit of his own good is led as if by an invisible hand. As a result, he will achieve the best good for all. 3.The government plays an important role in British economic life, especially in the state-owned enterprises. The British Labor government nationalized a number of big businesses soon after the World War II, introduced a from-cradle-to-grave welfare system and extended its controls over banking and money supply. 4.British Disease referred to the slow growth of productivity, soaring inflation and large unemployment in Britain in the 1970s. Britain’s rate of economic growth was low in comparison with that of other industrialized countries. 5.The Prime Minister, Mrs. Margaret Thatcher, planned a middle-term strategy to adjust and restore the economy, which aimed at reducing government interference by means of monetarism, reforming the workers’ union and the tax system, and adjusting the industrial structure. British economy in this period featured free competition, privatization, financial reduction, monetarism, the workers’ union, tax reforms, industrial adjustment as well as the application of new technology.
第二章英国历史Answers to Exercises for Part One The early and medieval history一、填空 1. 700 ;France ;Belgium ;southern Germany 2. Welsh; Gaelic 3.Julius Caesar 4.Christianity 5.Anglo-Saxons 6.the Father of British Navy 7.The Celts 8.Scots, Welsh. 9.Stonehenge 10.Julius Caesar 11.The Angles, Saxons, Jutes 12.43 A. D. 13.slavery 14.Christianity 15.language, customs 16.410 A.D. 17.King Alfred 18.upper handed class 19.Tower of London 20.Middle English.
二、英译汉 1. 不列颠人 2. 克罗迪斯皇帝 3. 哈德良墙 4. 安东尼墙 5. 有文字记载的历史 6. 盎格鲁一撒克逊征服 7. 亚瑟王 8. 阿尔佛雷德大帝 9. ‘忏悔王’爱德华 10. 诺曼底
三、解释名词 1. In 55 B. C. Julius Caesar commanded the Roman army to invade Britain, but failed because of the Celts’resistance and bad weather. The Roman invasion lasted nearly a century, until in 43 A. D. when the Roman armies succeeded in conquering what is now England by driving the native Celts into the mountainous Scotland and Wales. The Romans introduced their own civilization into England. They also introduced the system of governing, intending to transform England into a slavery society. What’s more, the Roman traders and soldiers brought their own religion — Christianity to Britain. With the downfall of the Roman Empire, the Romans had to withdraw from England to fight against the Germanic invasion in 410 A.D. bringing an endto the Roman occupation. 2. After the Romans left, three groups of Germanic tribes from the European continent came to England in succession: the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The Jutes were invited by an English King to help him drive out the Scots, but refused to leave and stayed in England when the war was over. From then on, the Saxons and Angles from northern Germany settled and established kingdoms of their own in England. This well-known movement in history is called the Anglo-Saxon Conquest. 3. The Anglo-Saxons only occupied England and divided it into seven principle kingdoms, which is known as the Heptarch in British history. 4. The Vikings from Norway, Denmark, and Scandinavia began to attack the north-east coast of Britain for farming land and settlement in the late 8th century. England became a unified country after 300 years’resistance against the Vikings, especially the Danes. The Anglo-Saxons in the period of Alfred the Great finally defeated the Vikings in the mid900s. But the Danes was too strong to be thoroughly driven out of England, Alfred the Great had to allow them to keep the eastern part of England by compromise, but forced the Danes to accept Christianity. 5. In the 9thcentury, the Normans began to ravage the northern coast of France. Finally the French king had to make an agreement by granting them a piece of land in the northern part of France — later named Normandy, but forced them to accept the Christian religion. As the English King Edward died in 1066, William, the Duke of Normandy, succeeded in conquering England and was crowned in West minster Abbey. So William, known as the Conqueror, became the first Anglo-Norman king of England.
四、多选 1-5 BACDB 6-10 ADBCA
五、汉译英 1. the Celts 2. the Roman Empire 3. King Alfred, the Great 4.William the Conqueror 5.Teutonic religion 6.Privy Council 7.Earthly arbiter 8.Open-fieldfarming 9.multi-goddism 10.Witan
六、问答 1. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came from northern Germany and started to invade England in the early 5th. century. The Anglo-Saxons mainly occupied the Lowland Zone and later spread their control over a wider area. This is known in history as the Anglo-Saxon Conquest. 2. Alfred was one of the greatest kings in English history. He was known as “the Father of the British Navy.” He established schools and brought in learned churchmen from Rome to teach Latin culture. He made great contribution to literature because his writings and translations have been regarded as the beginning of prose literature in England. 3. The Norman Conquest had a huge influence on Britain. It enhanced the process of the British feudalism. The nobles received their land from the King, to whom they were bound to be loyal and to pay certain dues. Actually the King became the ultimate owner of the land. The Normans became the upper class, while the Anglo-Saxons turned into the lower class. The Normans, intermingling with the Anglo-Saxons, introduced their French civilization to England. So the English language retained its own structure, but adopted the French words and terms employed by the Normans. As the last invasion of England, the Norman Conquest in 1066 marked the beginning of the period of Middle English.
Answers to Exercises for Part Two The decline of Feudalism and the rise of the England bourgeoisie 一、填空 1.Henry II 2.law courts 3.circuit courts 4.church courts 5.1337, 1453 6.the Black death 7.peasants uprising 8.John 9.the Exchequer 10.France 11.constitutional experiment; rule of law 12.legal system 13.1215 14. the Statute of Wales ;Prince of Wales 15. reason, nature, superstitious 16. humanism, materialism 17. human rights, individualism 18. Eleventh; fourteenth 19. France; England; 1337 ;1453 20. Henry Ⅱ 21. French throne 22. Statute of Laborers 23. Lollards 24. Puritanism 25. flat rate poll tax 26. House of Lancaster; House of York 27. Middle Ages 28. House of Tudor 29. new monarch 30. Henry Ⅶ 31. Armada 32. Armada 33. Renaissance 34. independent Church of England 35. Reformation 36. Bloody Mary 37. foundation-layer 38. 14th, the House of Commons, the House of Lords
二、英译汉 1.金雀花王朝 2.决斗 3.陪审团制度 4.托马斯•贝克特 5.《克拉伦登约章》 6.十字军东征 7.酷刑审讯 8.泰巴店 9.《牛津条款》 10.乡绅 15.威克里夫 18.亨利七世 24.英国水手 三、解释名词 1. Because of the tyranny and misgovernment of English King John, the discontented nobles decided to compel the King to sign the Great Charter that he had to swear to observe in 1215. The Great Charter was a result of the compromise between the King and nobles, which laid a foundation for the latter Constitutional Monarchy. It established a legal relationship between the King and the nobles, granted some power to the Great Council, and protected the rights of the merchant class, which was later extended to the common people, and established guidelines for protection of civil rights in the Western World. 2. The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between Britain and France from 1337 to 1453. The succession to the French throne became an incident that touched off the war. But actually it is due to the long-term conflicts between two countries over expanding territory. The Hundred Years’ War ended with the French victories and had agreat impact on England. England nobles realized a great deal of profit, but the long-lasting wars made the common people suffer high taxes, military service and higher inflation, which intensified the conflict between classes. What’s more, the military reverses and loss of the continental territory greatly weakened British feudal reign. 3. The Wars of the Roses was a series of civil wars, started by Edward III’s descendants: the House of York and the House of Lancaster. The badge of the former was a white rose, while that of the latter was a red one. So the intermittent 30-year war which started in 1455 and ended in 1485 was called the Wars of the Roses. During these wars, feudal nobles killed each other and their power declined, which paved the way for the development of the bourgeoisie. 4. Mary I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine. As a catholic, she supported the authority of the Pope and cruelly suppressed the Protestants. Therefore, she was called Bloody Mary in English History. 5. The Church of England was established and broke away from the Roman Church, as a result of Elizabeth I’s efforts to make the Church of England accepted in Britain. The King or Queen served as the head of it, The Church of England was catholic but reformed in the religious doctrines and organization.
四、多选 1-5 DABCD 6-10 ABDCA
五、汉译英 1.civil court 2.Holy Land 3.the Middle Ages 4.The Canterbury Tales 5.the Pope 6.Henry III 7.Due process of law 8.Joan of Arc 9.Wat Tyler 10.John Ball 11.The Plantagenet of family 12.Flat rate poll tax 13.Serfs and tenant-peasants 16.the Tudor Monarch
七、问答 1. He replaced the traditional land tax with a new tax, which was based on a landowner’s annual rents and all movable property. He took steps to reform the law courts and divided the country into six circuits to increase the power of the King's Court. He also planned to reform the church courts, which had the exclusive right of justice over the whole body of the educated men throughout the country. 2.The Great Charter has been regarded as “the cornerstone” of English history. It was the first step of constitutional experiment and rule of law. It tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations. It paved the way for the new-born bourgeoisie to get political power because it granted more power to the Great Council, which was the embryonic form of the English Parliament. Also it facilitated the development of commerce and handicrafts. 6.Henry Ⅷ’s believed it was the time to carry out the reform because the English people, under the influence of the ideas preached by Martin Luther, desired the reform of the church; on the other hand, England had become a centralized nation state, and many people were against the Pope’s interference in the English affairs . He concluded that the church was in the interests of the Monarchy. 8.First of all, Elizabeth Is pared no efforts to gain acceptance for the state religion in England. Secondly, the invincible Spanish fleet was defeated by Britain, which ended the long-term conflict between England and Spain. Thirdly, the position of Britain in Europe as a major sea power was strengthened and religious reform was consolidated in England. The British risk-takers turned into pirates as well as traders, which provided the primitive accumulation of wealth for the development of capitalism. Moreover, many chartered companies were set up as organizations for traders and risk-takers to engage in commercial activities with privileges granted by the King or Queen. These chartered companies were entitled to monopoly privilege of exploring, risking or migrating, which laidthe foundation for the establishment of imperialism in Britain.
Answers to Exercises for Part Three English bourgeoisie revolution in the 17th century一、填空 10. Great Britain 11. 1620, Puritans 12. Parliament 13. South Wales 14. Charles I 15. Commonwealth 16. colony 17. Charles II, the monarchy 18. Liberal, Conservative 19. Industrial Revolution
二、英译汉
三、解释名词 1. In 1629, Charles I dismissed Parliament as People were called on to refuse paying taxes. On 13thApril, 1640, Charles I had to call a meeting of Parliament, with an attempt to raise money for suppressing the Scottish uprising. Consequently, Parliament not only refused his requirement, but also put forward the problem of rights. Charles I was so irritated that he dissolved Parliament immediately on 5thMay, 1640. This Parliament existed for less than a month and was called the “Short Parliament” in English history. 2. As the English uprisings took place one after another among the handicrafts and peasants, Charles I had to call another meeting of Parliament in November, 1640. This Parliament lasted until in 1653 and was known as the Long Parliament in English history. It forced the King to issue the Triennial Act, which prescribed that Parliament must be called every three years, besides; the King had no right to dissolve or suspend Parliament. 3. After Charles I was beheaded, England was proclaimed a Commonwealth, and Cromwell, as the head of the army, became the real ruler of the nation. He put down the Irish uprising and subdued the rebellion of the Scottish. In order to establish a powerful regime, Cromwell was decreed to be a life-long Protector. He was in charge of military leadership and held power superior to Parliament. In essence, the Protector system belonged to the military dictatorship and served as the convenience to the monarchy. 4. In 1688, William of Holland, the head of the United Netherlands and the son-in-law of James II was invited to England and asked for help to oppose to James II. James II escaped to France without resistance. As soon as William and his wife Mary accepted the Declaration of Rights, Parliament proclaimed them to be joint sovereigns: William III and Mary II. Such a coup d’etat without bloody fight was known in history as the Glorious Revolution. It was a compromise between the bourgeoisie and nobles, but overthrew the feudalism and established the capitalism in England based on the Constitutional Monarchy. 5. After the death of Cromwell in 1658, the political power fell into the hand of some generals. They called a meeting of Parliament and declared that the political power should belong to the King, nobles and commons. As a result, Charles II was invited to return to London in 1660 and mounted the throne. Thus the monarchy was restored.
四、多选 1-5 ABDCB
五、汉译英 1. the enclosures
六、问答 1. Gunpowder Plot was an attempt to kill James I by blowing up the Parliament Building. A small number of radical Catholics placed battles of gunpowder in a cellar of the Parliament House. One of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, was chosen to detonate the explosive, but the plot was betrayed, and Fawkes was arrested and executed with the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. 2. It was a compromise between the bourgeoisie and nobles, but overthrew the feudalism and established capitalism in England based on its constitutional monarchy. As an epoch-making event in history, the Glorious Revolution paved the way for the speedy economic development that subsequently promoted the Industrial Revolution. 3. When the second civil war in Britain ended in 1648, the Presbyters intended to help Charles I regain his throne, but met the opposition of the citizens and soldiers, who presented their petition and required that the King be brought to trial. The Upper House of Parliament denied the proposal to try the King, but the Lower House decided that the Lower House was prescribed as the highest authority, and that their decision could take effect directly without the approval of the Upper House and the King. Soon after that, Charles I was put to death after trial and Parliament officially proclaimed England to be a Commonwealth.
Answers to Exercises for Part Four the rise of the British empire一、填空 1. economic development 2. Invention; appliance; agricultural; urban and manufacturing 3. Parliament 4. open field farming 11.33 million; one fifth 135；7560 million; ten 20.cotton textile 21.primitive 22.transportation, locomotive 23.Darwin, natural selection 24.workshop, banker 25.1841 26.colonial expansion 27.Chartered 28.Australia
二、解释名词 1. The Industrial Revolution refers to the economic transition from agriculture and handcraft industries to the mechanized industry in England from 1760 to 1840. The Enclosure Movement, colonial exploitation, slave trafficking and development of basic science paved the way for the revolution. It enabled Britain to become the biggest industrial country known as the workshop of the world. Its monopoly in industry, supremacy on seas and subsequent plunder in colonies turned Britain into a great overlord and exploiter in the world. 2. The British proletariat realized that they would not benefit from the political movement of the bourgeoisie and was aware of the limitations of the workers’ union movement. So they set about establishing their own party in the Chartist Movement. The Chartist Movement started in 1836, marking the workers’ involvement in Politics, and subsequently declined in 1848. As the first universal political movement of the proletariat, it provided workers of the world with useful experience in future political contests. 3. Victoria was another famous Queen in British History, ascending to the throne in 1837. The reign of Queen Victoria was the longest in British history, and has come to be known as the Victorian Age. During the Victorian Age, Britain entered the world stage as the British Empire by foreign expansion, enjoying a boom in economy due to the Industrial Revolution. Queen Victoria served as the official head of state of the United Kingdom and the British Empire as well. Under the reign of Queen Victoria, Britain stepped into the era of the imperialism. 4. In order to turn China into its own colony, British merchants began trafficking in opium from India to China. Ignoring the Chinese ban on opium trade in 1799, some British merchants continued to smuggle opium into China. In 1839, about 20,000 chests of opium were confiscated and burnt by Lin Zexu, a Chinese national hero. The British used this case as a pretext to launch the Opium War against China in 1840 and occupied Hong Kong in 1841. With its advanced arms, Britain forced China to sign a series of unequal treaties, by which China ceded territory to Britain, opened ports to British trade and paid war indemnities. These treaties reduced China to a British semi-colony.
三、多选 1-5 ABDBC 6-10 BBACD
四、汉译英 1. child labor 8. Nightingale 9. Spanish Fleet 10. the British Empire 11. Chartered Company 12. the East India Company 13. the Ten Hour Day Act
五、英译汉 6. 仰光 四、问答 1.The Chartist Movement was a mass movement of the British working class to fight for equal political and social rights. In 1837, the London Workingmen ’s Association worked out the famous document known as the People's Charter.In1838, supporters of the demands launched the movement with the objective of pressing Parliament to accept the 6 points of The People’s Charter in 1848, the movement declined after experiencing the third upsurge. But it was the first nationwide working class movement and constituted a glorious page in the history of the workers’ struggle for liberation. 2.The labourers and large sums of money capital were two prerequisites to the Industrial Revolution. Both prerequisites depended on the following: Enclosure Movement, colonial exploitation, slave trafficking and development of the basic science. 3.Foreign expansion contributed to the economic prosperity of Britain. The British Empire was characterized by monopoly, organizing numbers of companies to monopolize the raw materials of the British colonies. Since the middle of the 19thcentury, Britain has become a centre of world trade and finance; it also expanded its investment in the colonies and semi-colonies, which transformed Britain from a typical industrial country to an imperial country. On the other hand, the economic prosperity worsened the class distinctions in the extreme. The rich grew richer, while the poor got poorer.
Answers to Exercises for Part Five the fall of the British Empire
一、填空 1. 1914, 1918, imperialist 2. privatization, tax cuts 3. Central Powers 4. Labor, three terms 5. 1999, 2002 6. diplomacy 7. terrorism 8. IRA,termination 9. Margaret Thatcher 10. Sino-British Joint Declaration
二、解释名词 1. Britain and France invaded Egypt in response to the nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956, which was known as the second Middle-East War. The Suez Crisis was sparked when Britain and France, allied with Israel, invaded Egypt over its decision to nationalize the Suez Canal — a vital waterway connecting the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. 2. Thatcherism refers to the policy of privatization enacted when Mrs. Margaret Thatcher held the office. Thatcher’s political and economic philosophy emphasized reduced state intervention, free markets and entrepreneurialism. After the 1983 election, the Government sold off most of the large utilities, starting with British Telecom, which had been a publicly owned monopoly since 1912. 3. Since Britain invaded Ireland in the 12th century, Ireland, under the control of Britain for almost 800 years, had been fighting for its independence. In 1919, the provisional government of the Republic of Ireland was declared to be established under the Sinn Fein Party; hence the Irish Republican Army came into being as a political force to seek the independence of Ireland. 4. The Falklands War between Argentina and Britain, known as the Falklands Conflict or the Falklands Crisis, started with the Argentine invasion and occupation of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia on 2ndApril 1982, and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14th June1982. This conflict was the result of a protracted diplomatic confrontation regarding the sovereignty of the islands. Neither state officially declared war. The fighting was largely limited to the territories under dispute in the South Atlantic. The initial invasion was considered by Argentina as the re-occupation of its own territory, and by the UK as an invasion of a British overseas territory. 5. The Sino-British Joint Declaration, refers to the joint declaration of the UK Government the PRC Government on the Question of Hong Kong, signed by the Prime Ministers of the two countries in 1984 in Beijing. In the Joint Declaration, the PRC Government stated that it had decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories)to be effective from July 1st, 1997, and the UK Government declared that it would hand over Hong Kong to the PRC on that date. The PRC Government also declared its basic policies regarding Hong Kong in the document, that is, Hong Kong’s previous capitalist system and its way of life would remain unchanged for a period of 50 years in accordance with the “One Country, Two Systems” Principle agreed to by the UK and the PRC.
三、多选 1-5 BAADC 6-10 ACBAD
四、汉译英 1. the Triple Alliance 2. the Triple Entente 3. Paris Peace Conference 4. Fascist nation
五、问答 2.World War I was a great blow to Britain. The increasing unemployment after the war caused many strikes in Britain. Funding for the war turned Britain into a debtor nation, and London was replaced by New York as the world’s financial centre. The British foreign market was decreased by America and Japan. In addition, Britain’s initial dominance was matched by America in aircraft carriers. From then on, Britain lost its hegemony in the world due to loss of its sea supremacy. 3. After World War II, the Labor Government laid the foundation of the welfare state and nationalized a number of big businesses. The ending of World War I hastened the end of the independence movement of the colonies. The British Empire came to an end and gave way to the British Commonwealth. 4.The cooperation between China and Britain is fruitful in many aspects. The amount of the bilateral trade has increased by three to four times. Up to now, Britain is a second largest trade partner of China in the European Union, and its investments in China rank first among European nations. On the other hand,frequent communication between the Chinese People and the British People has built a solid foundation for the future relations. More and more Chinese students began to study in Britain, and the number of Chinese English learners has exceeded that of the native English speakers. Britain and China have differences in social system, values as well as the national situations, but share widespread common interests.
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