Chapter One Geography and Population
一、填空
1. the United States of America: Washington D.C.
2. 5,000; 2,500; 20,000
3. Great Lakes; Lake Superior; Lake Michigan; Lake Huron; Lake Ontario; Lake Erie; Michigan
4. the Eastern Part; the Middle Part; the Western Part
5.Canada, Mexico
6.Pacific, Atlantic
7.eastern
8.Great Plains
9.Mississippi
10.Alaska, Hawaii
11.the Mississippi River; the Missouri River; the Ohio River; the Colorado River;the Rio Grande River
12.one third
13.New York
14.the temperate continental type
15.coal ;iron ore; oil; lead;
16.400 million; 900 million
17.European
18.1%；2.8 million;291million
19.78%; blacks; Hispanics; native Americans ;Asians ;22%
20.Maya toltecs; Aztec
21.religious persecutions
22.Africa; 12%
23.skillful financiers (moneylenders)
24.a“ melting pot ”
25.northeast
26.the upper; the middle; the lower
27.50%:28%
二、英译汉
1.树桩演说家
2.艾丽丝岛
3.自由女神像
4.拓荒者
5.阳光地带
6.人口密度
三、汉译英
1.Niagara Falls
2.Bering Strait
3.The Grand Canyon National Park
4.Yellow Stone National Park
5.Silicon Valley
6.residential revolution
7.Immigration and Naturalization Service
8.temperate oceanic type of climate
9.Barn of America
10.the Yellowstone National Park
11.gold rush
四、解释名词
1. The Great Lakes are the most important lakes in the United States. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan —— the only one entirely in the U.S. —— Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.
2. “Melting pot” meant that as immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States, their old ways of life melted away and were absorbed as part of the American culture. The United States was compared to a big pot of soup that had bits of flavor from each different culture.
3. To ease competition for jobs caused by Asian immigrants, in 1882, the U.S. Congress passed the law forbidding Chinese immigrants and immigrants from other Asian countries for ten years. However, in 1902, the Congress decided to stop Chinese immigration for an indefinite period. Not until 1943, after China became an ally to the United States, that the Chinese Exclusion Act was cancelled.
4. The Central Plain is made up of the large area between the Appalachians in the east and the Rocky Mountains in the west. It occupies a distance of about 2,000 kilometers from west to east, taking up nearly half of America’s landmass on the continent. It stretches from Canada in the north to the Gulf of Mexico in the south. And this region is known as the “Barn of America” for its large expanse and rich soil.
5. The Mississippi River, often called the “Father of Waters” or “Old Man River”, is the longest and the most important river in the United States. It flows from its northwestern source in the Rockies to the Gulf of Mexico.
五、多选
1-5 ACBDD
6-8 BAA
六、问答
1. (1)Mainland America is situated in North of America, mainly within the North Temperate Zone. (2)It has two land neighbors: Canada to the North and Mexico to the South. The northern boundary line runs through four of the five Great Lakes, and the southern boundary line is the Gulf of Mexico. (3) Its western border is on the Pacific Ocean, which provides convenient sea routes for America’s foreign trade with the Far East. (4)To the east of America lies the large Atlantic Ocean, which is most important sea route from America to Europe and the Middle East.
2.Most of the United States is mainly in the northern temperate zone, with only the south of Florida in the tropical climate. (2) The northeast (New England) part of the country and the areas around the Great Lakes are dominated by the northern maritime climate. (3) The temperature varies from one region to another. (4) The rainfall is different in different states.
3.The Mississippi river, known as “Old Man River” and the “Father of Waters”, is the most important and largest river in the United States. Nearly all the rivers west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Rockies flow toward each other and then empty into this large river. (2) It is an important artery for transportation in the Midwest.
4.Many factors contributed to their success: Chinese-Americans were industrious and intelligent; generally received higher education, and found high-paid jobs in universities, hospitals and engineering firms; they worked hard even when pay was very low; they demonstrated a sense of responsibility to family.
5.“Melting pot” means that as immigrants from different regions and cultures came to live in the United States, their old ways of life melt away and they became part of the American cultural. The United States was compared to a big pot of soup that had bits of flavor from each different cultures.
6.The American society can be divided into three classes. The upper class consists of 10% of the
total American population that controls 65% of the nation’s wealth the middle class is positioned between the upper class and the lower class. It mainly consists of white-collar workers with income above the national average. The lower class consists of people whose income is below the
national average, such as blacks, Hispanics, disadvantaged whites, and lots of the new immigrants.
7. New poverty means some poor people lack the fundamental knowledge and skills necessary in modern society. What's even worse, they are not improving themselves for the lack of opportunity and motivation. They prefer staying home and refuse to look for new jobs. They permanently rely on social welfare for a living.
Chapter Two Government and Politics
一、填空
1. liberty ;equality
2. Enlightenment consent ;federalism
3.the supremacy of the people and popular consent ; federalism and seperation of powers; adequate powers for the government to achieve its appropriate purpose.
4. John Locke
5. natural rights
6. the legislative ;the executive ;the judicial
7. federalism ;federation
8. implied powers
9.primary election; party conventions; the campaign for the general election
10. Cabinet
11. Senate
12. the vice-president ;the secretaries of State and Defense
13. the House of Representatives ;435 ;the Senate ;100 ;2
14. 2 ;2 ;no limit ;6 ;1/3 ;2
15. the Constitution; Chief Justice; associate justices
16. privileged
17. territorial governments ;corporate governments
18. county board
19. two-party ; the Democratic Party ;the Republican Party
二、英译汉
1. 契约劳工
2. 联邦制
3.. 议长
4. 听证会
5. 立法程序
6. 国会山
7. 多数专政
8. 程序委员会
9. 公务员体制
10. 全票通过的判决
11. 国家安全委员会
12. 总统选举团
13. 总统选举人
14. 党的全国代表大会
15. 首席大法官
16. 陪审团
三、解释名词
1.The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial; each has part of the government power but not all the power. And each branch of government can check the actions of the other branches. The three branches are arranged in a balance. This called “checks and balances”.
2.The Constitution of the United States is the basic instrument of American government and the supreme law of the land. It is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was drawn up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789. It founded federalism and introduced checks and balances into government for the first time in history.
3.The White House is the official presidential residence which is located in Washington,
D.C. It is considered the symbol and center of the American politics.
4.The First Lady refers to the wife of American President who is known as the First Citizen.
5.During the presidential election, if the candidates of a party for delegates in a certain state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes of that state, even though a presidential candidate may have received only slightly more of electoral votes of that state. This system is known as the “winner-take-all” principle.
四、多选
1-5 BBBAB
6-9 CBDD
五、汉译英
1.the executive branch
2.the legislative branch
3.the Senate
4.the House of Representatives
5.the judicial
6.the hearing
7.General election
8.freedom of the press
9.separation of the power
10.the White House staff
11.reprieves and pardons
12.National Guards
13.run for the presidency
14.running-mate
15.platform
16.White House press corps
17.Union State Message
18.the Federal Bureau of Investigation
六、问答
1.Under the federalist system, the federal and the state governments have separate and distinct powers set down in the Constitution. (2) The federal government is responsible for answering questions that affect the whole nation while the duty of the state government is to deal with problems that affect the well-being of its state. (3) The federal government is not allowed to take action in violation of the Constitution, nor does it have the power to interfere in state affairs.
2.There are two serious weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation: (a) it gave too little power to the central government (there was no national executive or law-enforcing branch) and (b) Congress had no power to raise taxes
3.The president is commanded by the U. S. Constitution to “preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United State” and to take care that laws be faithfully executed". He can issue rules, regulations and instructions which have the binding force of laws upon federal agencies. He is Commander-in–chief of the armed forces of the United State and has the power to raise, train, supervise, and deploy American armed forces, provided Congress shows no disagreement.
4.The U.S. judicial branch refers to the federal law court that is composed of three tiers. The Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and its decisions are binding upon all lower courts. It has the authority to nullify any actions of the legislative and executive branches by declaring them unconstitutional. Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of Constitution, all laws and treaties of the nation，issues and cases in which the federal government itself is a party.
5.The state government is supreme within the sphere of its reserved powers. It has the power to pass state laws and maintain a state police force. It has the power to levy taxes to cover state expenditures. It also has the power to maintain public schools and give financial help to state universities.
Chapter Three Economy and Major cities
一、填空
1.free enterprises
2.5%; 27%
3.1.7 trillion
4.International currency
5.proprietorships; partnerships; corporations
6.2% ;90%
7.20 billion
8.conservatives; liberals
9.75%
10.2%, 90%
11.proprietorships, the partnership
12.retail, service
13.abundant; raw
14.Broadway
15.cotton
16.natural gas; petroleum; coal
17.23% ; 1billion; 400 million
18.60%
19.Texas
20.100; 10% ;4% ;5%
21.Seattle
22.outsourcing
23.75% ; 72%
24.the United States
二、解释名词
1.It refers to a country whose economy is marked by concentration and monopolization of production.
2.Corporations are very important organizations in the U.S. society in which a group of people are authorized to “act as an individual” for a certain purpose.
3.They are businesses started and managed personally by single owner or single entrepreneurs.
4.“Space City of U.S.A.” is the nickname of Houston which is the home of the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, administered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
5.The free enterprise system is the economic system of the United States in which private firms make the majority of the microeconomic decisions while being regulated by the government.
三、英译汉
1. 宏观经济
2. 微观经济
3. 人均国民生产总值
4. 布雷顿森林会议
5. 超级301贸易条款
6. 保护主义
7. 孤立主义
8. 小企业管理局
9. 责任有限公司
10.《互惠贸易协定》
11. 田纳西河谷管理局
12. 大通曼哈顿公司
13. 花旗银行
14. 摩根保证信托银行
15. 美国信托银行
16. 美国证券交易所
17. 美国铁路客运公司
18.《华盛顿邮报》
四、汉译英
1. Information technology
2. International currency
3. International Monetary Fund
4. Apple Computer Company
5. Wal-marts
7.Broadway
8.the Fifth Ave
五、问答
1.Firstly, the New World with its rich mineral resources and fertile farm soil provided an ideal place for the early European immigrants to carry out their experiment. Secondly, the vast territory, ample natural resources and good climate proved to be a major advantage for economic development. Thirdly, the America could provide necessary labor force to meet the demand of a growing economy. Fourthly, America labor force had various advanced skills.
2.The economic system of U.S. is known as free enterprise because everyone is free to start an enterprise. (2) It protects private ownership of property, including the means of production.
3.The U.S. Government sets general guidelines for doing business and makes policies that effect the development of the economy as a whole. (2) It establishes safety standards and regulates production as well as working conditions. (3) It encourages or discourages production of certain kinds of goods by using tax ratio as a lever. (4) The government put regulations and control over private enterprises to ensure fair competition and to protect the public.
4.The major categories of U.S. manufactured goods include chemicals ,industrial machinery, electronic equipment, processed food, transportation equipment, military products and computer engineering.
5.Agriculture is one of America's most valuable industries, accounting for 2% of the U.S. annual GDP. And today it employs only 1.5% of the U.S.population. Because of the vast areas of land for growing crops, moderate climate and a large diversity of America's landscapes, the United States is the world's richest agricultural nation
6.The U.S. ranks first in the world in terms of the value of its yearly manufacturing output. Total manufacturing industries employ about one-sixth of America’s workers and produce 17% of the annual GDP.
Chapter Four Education and Social Life
一、填空
1. colonies
2. Pursuit of freedom ; equality
3. covenant
4. Yankees
5. Quakerism ; human goodness
6. freedom ;equality
7. nature
8. individualism ;free movement
9.state, local governments
10.secondary, higher
11.James Madison
12.learning by inquiry and doing
13.100 thousand; 60 million
14.six; five; 180
15.12%
16.ten, twelve
17.public schools, private schools
18.national curriculum
19.1935
20.the government
二、英译汉
1. 多数人统治
2. 居住隐私
3. 哈莱姆文艺复兴运动
三、解释名词
1. Food stamps are a kind of special stamp provided by the government with which low income or poor people can buy food at any store.
2. Public schools refer to the schools supported by taxpayers, and children can study there without any charge.
3. Private schools refer to the schools run by churches and other groups and children who study there have to pay tuition fees, but the teaching quality is perceived to be much better.
4. The Medicare program, which is restricted to the disabled and the elderly (62 years of age for women and 65 for men), is completely financed by the government. In many states, the government maintains institutions for the mentally ill or people with severe disabilities. While Medicare pays the major share of the cost of any illness requiring hospitalization, it does not offer adequate protection for long-term illness or mental illness.
四、多选
1-5 DDCDC
五、汉译英
1. Thanksgiving Day
2. Independence Day
3. Memorial Day
4. Arlington National Cemetery
5. Valentine's Day
6. Halloween
7.Scholastic Aptitude Test
8.Social Security
9.Social Security Act
10.the World Bank
六、问答
1.Throughout American history, the development of American culture revolved around the struggle for the protection of the individual's natural rights: freedom andequality. Humanity has become the basis of American culture.
2.Consumerism is an embodiment of humanity. Americans work hard to earn money as a means of buying goods and pursuing happiness. Consumerism contributes to economic prosperity because it promotes consumption and production. It help to blur class distinction because people buy almost the same kind of goods.
3.Education has been greatly respected throughout the history of the United States of America. Americans believe that education is indispensable to creating a qualified citizen, in order to promote the development of the nation, and each citizen should receive the best possible education. The forth U.S. president, James Madison once said: “Knowledge will forever govern ignorance.” To sum up, Americans regard education as both an individual benefit and a social necessity.
4. (1) Formal education in the United States consists of elementary, secondary and higher education. (2) Public education is free and compulsory. (3) Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education. (4) Education is a function of the states, not the federal government.
5.The America has spent a large amount of money on social welfare programs. Different welfare programs are to help different people. Under the Social Security Programs, retired people, the disabled and their children can receive the social welfare payments from the government; the poor people can buy food at any store with Food Stamps given by the government; and public housing programs provide apartment buildings to those with low income. Citizens above 65 years old and the disabled can benefit from the Medicare program.
Chapter Five History
Answers to Exercises for Part One the thirteen colonies and the war of independence
一、填空
1. Asia
2. Cape of Good Hope ; America; Ferdinand Magellan
3. Chartered Companies
4. crown colonies ; proprietary colonies; charter colonies
5. Jamestown
6. Pilgrims ;Mayflower Compact
7. truth ;sincerity
8. shelter; food
9. Freedom of belief
10.clearings
11. haphazard
12. the Crown; Proprietors
13. Zenger
14. Sons of Liberty
15. Boston Massacre
16. Common Sense
17. Continental Congress
18. The Declaration of Independence
19. the Enlightenment
20. loyalists
二、英译汉
1.事业心
2.美国佬
3.领主殖民地
4.奴隶贸易
5.种植园
6.非进口协会
7.免进口税
8.无法忍受的法案
9.列克星顿的公有地
10.约翰•洛克的《有关政府的两篇论文》
11.《联盟条例》,又译《同盟宪章》
三、汉译英
1. Crown colonies
2. the Society of Friends( or Quakers)
3. butter colony
4. Mayflower Compact
5.Stamp Act
6. Boston Massacre
7. Boston Tea Party
8. the First Continental Congress
9. the Continental Army
10. Declaration of Independence
四、问答
1.Mayflower Compact was signed by all the male passengers on the ship May flower.It said government of the colony would be based on consent of the governed, and important decisions should be made by the majority.
2.The colonies adopted the English common law, which guaranteed the colonists all the rights the English people enjoyed in England. The colonists were granted rights to self-government. Religious toleration was extended to all those who professed a belief in Jesus Christ.
3.To survive the wilderness, the early colonists had to rely on native crops and plants, but they never dressed like the Indians. To develop agricultural production, they had to clear the land of forests and bushes. They also made use of many harbors to develop trade shipbuilding. The Colonies in the South developed the plantation economy which depended on slave labor.
4.All the colonies were founded on the land granted by the English monarch and the colonists were still regarded as English subjects. The English government regarded the colonies as suppliers of raw materials and markets for goods from England. The English government passed a series of laws to control the foreign trade of colonies. But the colonies refused to be controlled and they fought back.
5.The English colonies in North America were not allowed to elect representatives to attend meetings of the English Parliament. As a result, the colonies refused to pay tax (no taxation) because there was no representation from the colonies in Parliament.
6.The British Government allowed the East India Company, which was in financial straits, to sell is tea to the colonies free of import duty. When ship loaded with the English tea arrived in the colonies, the dockworkers refused to unload the tea. On the night of December 16, 1773, a band of 50 men disguised as Indians boarded the British ships and dumped the tea cargo into the sea. This incident became known as the “Boston Tea Party"
Answers to Part Two Appearance of the American constitution and territorial expansion
一、填空
1. 1783
2. compromise
3. Federalists
4. division of power
5. imperfection
6. 9,13
7. Bill of Rights
8. unite all the people; abuse of power
9. reserved powers
10.Idealism ; realism
11. peaceful transition
12. acquiescence
13. France
14. labor
15. farmers ; tradesmen ; artisans.
16. June 18, 1812
17. America for Americans
18. Jecksonian ; Democratic Party
19. Spoils
20. Expansion ; development
21.Washington
二、英译汉
1. 谢思叛乱
2. 弗吉尼亚计划
3. 联邦党人
4. 反联邦党人
5. 授予的权力
6.《国会法案》
7.“威士总叛乱”
8. 弗吉尼亚王朝
9. 《星条旗》
10. 好感情时代
11. 约翰。路易斯欧沙利文
12. 命定说
13. 分肥制
14. 摩门教徒
三、解释名词
1. In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representations a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendment sand sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and became the first ten amendments to the Constitution —— the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights offers protection of human rights, and ensures that the Constitution guarantees freedom of religion, speech and the press, the right to keep and bear arms, the right against unreasonable searches and arrest, and the right against self-incrimination. The Bill of Rights helps to avoid arbitrary violations of human rights by the government.
2. To prevent the fruit of victory from going up in smoke, a number of prominent persons met to discuss problems facing the nation. A series of attempts to organize a movement to outline and press reforms culminated in the Congress calling the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787.
3. It was the practice of appointing officers on the basis of political affiliations or personal relationships without considering their merit and fitness.
4. It was the policy proposed by President Monroe with the central concern of forbidding any other countries from settling in the New World. It was in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into areas of the Western Hemisphere.
5. The purchase of Louisiana and annexation of Texas doubled the territory of the United States. The vast land provided opportunities for people to amass wealth, so a flood of people move to the western part of the country.This phenomenon called Western Expansion.
四、多选
1-4 DBBC
5-8 ABAC
五、汉译英
1. the Constitutional Convention
2. Capital Hill
3. Radicals and moderates
4. the UN Security Council
5. neutral policy
6. isolation
7. Military Academy at West Point
8. Indian Reservation
9. the Monroe Doctrine
10. kitchen cabinet
11.District of Columbia
12.Spoils System
13.Indian Reservation
六、问答
1.In Massachusetts, Many farmers who failed to pay taxes were herded Into debtors' prison in the winter of 1786-1787.A group of poor farmers led by Daniel Shays shut down the law courts to prevent them from collecting debts. They broke open prisons to set free prisoners of debt. The rebellion was finally put down. Most rebels were pardoned because a lot of people did not believe Shays and his supporters were criminals.
2. After the Independence War, a number of prominent persons met and discussed the problems facing the nation. The conference led to the opening session of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, on May 25，1787.Fifty-five delegates attended the Convention. George Washington was elected chairman of the Convention. The delegates finally worked out the draft U.S. Constitution and put it before the Americans for ratification.
3.To meet the financial needs of the federal government Congress accepted Hamilton's proposal to place an excise tax on Whiskey in 1791.The new tax was opposed by Pennsylvanians who were producers of whiskey. They refused to obey the law and started to terrorize federal tax collectors. This led to what hadbeen known as the Whiskey Rebellion, which demanded abolition of the tax.
4.The war had great impact on the development of the Unite States. Firstly, the war made people realize the importance of a strong national government. Secondly, the war strengthened the feeling of national unity and patriotism. Thirdly, for almost 10 years after the war, the Americans turned their attention to the development of the western part of the continent. Fourthly, it made both Britain and the United States realize their disputes should be solved through negotiation. A shaky peace in 1814 turned into lasing peace between the two countries.
5.The Article of Confederation was unusual in many ways. First, it provided for no king. The drafters blamed the troubles with Britain on King George III. So they decided not to have a king but to have a republic. This was revolutionary. Second, while the Articles created a central government in the form. Of a Congress, the emphasis was still on state powers. Third, the Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the United States. No important country in the world at that time, including Britain, had a written constitution.
6.One was to place an excise tax on whiskey in order to meet the financial needs of the federal government. The second one was to establish a national bank. But this suggestion caused heated debates. The third one was to pay the public debt. And the fourth plan proposed the government’s assumption of the state debts.
7.The major points are as following: (a) Any foreign interference with independent American nations would be an unfriendly act. (b) Any further colonization by foreign powers in the New World would be forbidden. (c) The United states ought not to interfere with any existing colonies in the New World. (d) The United States ought not to be involved in the affairs of European countries.
8.There are many reasons leading to the westward movement. First, people lived in the crowded Northeast were very poor and they expected to live a better life. Second, the people moved west have an easy access to cheap land. Third, new inventions and constructions contributed to the westward movement
9.Louisiana, the area to the west of the Mississippi ,did not belong to America. It belonged to France under the rule of Nepoleon, who was badly inneed of money and decided to sell Louisiana to America. Jefferson approved the purchase. America paid 15 million dollars to France for Louisiana in 1803.Thebargain put the Mississippi River system under the complete control of the United States.
10.It refers to the three U.S. presidents :James Madison ，Jefferson and James Monroe. They shared similar viewpoints during the fight for America's independence. They were all Democratic-Republicans from Virginia. So the term Virginia Dynasty was later used to refer to the 24consecutive years of their presidency (1801-1825 ).
Answers to Part Three The united states during and after the civil war
一、 填空
1.Westward movement; industrial development
2.auction
3.4 million
4.property in slaves
5.the quarters
6.good
7.1861,1865
8.Gettysburg
9.Abraham Lincoln
10. Emancipation Proclamation
11. telegraph cable
12. Alexander Graham Bell
13.19th
14.Congress
15. Ku Klux Klan
16.Civil War
17. Union Iron
18. Thrift;self-denial
19. Civil War
20.muckrakers
21. Spanish
二、英译汉
1. 奴隶监工
2.《街苏里妥协》
3. 总统包厢
4.“自由之路”
5. 萨姆特堡
6. 南方联盟军队
7.纸币美元( 背面为绿色，俗称“绿票”)
8. (美国内战后南方)重建计划
9. 骑士劳工
10. 暴露文学
11. 纵向联合
12. 谢尔曼反托拉斯法
13. 美国电话电报公司
14.“专门揭露黑暗面的记者们”
15.民权党
三、汉译英
1. Uncle Tom's Cabin
2. homestead act
3. Emancipation Proclamation
4. Gone with the Wind
5. ettysburg Address
6. Ku Klux Klan
7. Sister Carrie
8. the Gilded Age
9. the American Federation of Labor
10. the Federal Trade Commission
11. the Federal Reserve Act
12. the Federal Reserve Bank
四、解释名词
1. It was a program supported by President Woodrow Wilson. In the program, income tax was introduced to distribute social wealth, antitrust laws were toughened and workers were given the right to strike for higher wages and better working conditions.
2. On September 22, 1862 during American Civil War, Lincoln issued the famous document Emancipation Proclamation which would become effective on January 1, 1863. It provided that all black slaves in there belling states were freed and welcome to join the armed forces of the Union.
3. Monopoly businesses began to appear in the United States after the Civil War. Small businesses merged into big businesses in order to survive competition and increase profits. As a result, big businesses controlled the value added processes from raw materials to the sale of finished goods. Most of the national wealth was in the hands of big businesses, and even the U.S.Government asked their help when facing financial problems.
4. The Open Door Policy was passed by U.S. Congress in 1900 which at the time required China to grant equal trading access to all foreign nations. To protect its own interests in China, the United States made an agreement with other foreign countries that each country had equal and impartial trade withChina.
五、多选
1-7 CDDABDB
六、问答
1.As moderate candidate of the Republican Party, Lincoln won the presidential election of 1860. Lincoln was firm in defending the Union, he made his last attempt to avoid civil war in his inaugural address. But the southerners refused to make any compromise. Then the Civil War broke out in 1861.During the Civil War, Lincoln announced the famous Emancipation Proclamation, which provided that all the slaves in the rebel states be freed on January 1,1863.In
1865，the war ended in victory for the north. Lincoln was shot to death by an actor who was a sympathizer of the south.
2. In the early 1800s, the Northern states turned from farming to manufacturing. Black slavery soon disappeared in the North. But things were different in the South. The South expanded both its agriculture and its slavery. The problem of slavery became a serious political issue. The abolitionists sought to abolish slavery while the South tried to keep it. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President, the Southern states broke away and formed the Confederacy. Then Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union and the war broke out on April 12, 1861.
3. American Civil War was a great revolutionary war. It finally put an end to the slave system in America. After the war, Congress passed the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution to end slavery completely.
4. Progressivism refers to a new theory which became popular in America after 1900.It is actually a movement to reform society so as to help poor people through government action.
5. Wilson was elected president in 1912,and his reform program was known as “New Freedom". As a part of his New Freedom program, Wilson introduced a personal income tax to rationalize distribution of social wealth. In order to protect small businesses against large corporations, he toughened antitrust laws and granted workers the rights to strike for higher wages and better working conditions. He also signed laws forbidding factories to employ children under the age of 14,setting the maximum eight-hour working day for railroad workers and granting low-cost loans of farmers.
6. To enlarge its share of foreign markets, America started itsforeign expansion in the later half 19th century. America purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. In 1898, the U.S. military invaded Cuba. After theOpium War of 1840, America managed to get almost all the privileges enjoyed by other powers in China
Answers to Part Four The united States during and after the two World War
一、填空
1. flapper
2. neutral
3. Swinging Twenties
4. Lost Generation
5. Monkey Trial
6. speak easies
7. Consumerism ;installment buying
8. Red Scare
9. The New Deal
10. Franklin Roosevelt
11. Nazi Party
12. Fascist
13. Marco Polo Bridge Incident
14. the Soviet Union; non-aggression pact
15. Lend-Lease
16. participatory democracy
17. Pearl Harbor
18. revolt, standards
19.ambassadorial
20.The Iraq war
21.isolationism
22.foreign policy, economy
23.William Jefferson Clinton
二、解释名词
1. The Lost Generation referred to some young artists who were disenchanted with society after World War I. They were confused and lost direction in life, so felt at a loss.
2. “Black Thursday” refers to the day when the Great Depression occurred on the New York Exchange on October24, 1929.
3. The Peace Conference or the Paris Conference began on January 18, 1919. The conference was actually a conference of dividing Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and to expropriate as much as possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States, Britain. France and Italy)
4. On October 24, 1929, the American stock market crashed. Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. This led to a long economic depression, called the Great Depression.
5. The Four Freedoms were put forward by President Roosevelt. They include freedom of speech and expression, freedom for every person to worship God in his own way, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. These four freedoms have been considered as “essential human freedoms” by Americans.
三、多选
1-5BCADA
6-8 BDC
9-13DCBBD
14-17AAAB
四、汉译英
1. the Immigration Quota Law
2. Great Depression
3. the Versailles Treaty
4. Maginot Line
5. Flying Tiger
6. the Yalta Conference
7. Marshall Plan
8. League of Nations
9. Red Scare
10. Russia’s October Revolution
11. Prohibition
12. Washington Conference
13. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
14. Cuban Missile Crisis
15. Watergate Scandal
16. Vietnam War
17. the Cold War
五、英译汉
1. 时髦的年轻女郎
2.“齐默尔曼密电”
3. 黑社会的钱
4. 火红的年轻一代
5. 新政
6.《证券交易诚信法》
7.原教旨主义者
8.《幕尼黑协定》
9. 先发制打击
10. 敦刻尔克大撤退
11.《大西洋公约》
12. 公众参与的民主
13. 杜鲁门主义
14. 北大西洋公约组织
15.“伟大的社会”
16. 水门事件
六、问答
1.The Four freedom were put forward by President Roosevelt. They include of speech and expression, freedom for every person to worship Cod in his own way, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. These four freedoms have been considered as" essential human freedoms "by Americans.
2. In the early years of the 1950s, reactionary elements in the U.S. ruling class tried to make common Americans believe that some American officials and persons of influence had been giving help to the Communists, and that some Communists agents had infiltrated the U.S. Government. Some scriptwriters and film directors were fired or imprisoned for conducting “Communist Propaganda”. The period has been known as the McCarthy Era because republican Senator McCarthy played the leading role in starting the hysteria.
3. Johnson was elected to a new term with widespread popular support in1964. He pushed through Congress many social programs collectively known as his“Great Society" program. The program included federal aid to education, the arts and the humanities, health insurance for the elderly and for the poor, 1ow-cost housing for low-paid Americans and revival of urban districts. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 finally enabled all black Americans to vote. Discrimination in immigration was also ended with the repealing of the national origins quotas law, causing a great increase in entry visas for Asians.
4.One was the Treaty of Versailles which disappointed Americans. Second factor was powerful influence of the Great October Revolution which took place in Russia in 1917. Third one was Red Scare spread by conservatives in the United States due to the Russian Communist Revolution of 1917. The negative effects of Prohibition and corruption also caused idealistic young people to lose heart and become aimless in their lives.
5. During the first three years of the war, the United States still clung to its traditional isolationism and declared a neutral policy, but it made huge profits by selling munitions to the allies. So the real policy it pursued was a policy of unofficial support of Allies.
6. The New Deal included the following: (1) establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems, overcoming the financial crisis and restricting certain extreme financial practices; (2) federal government management of economic relief such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority and establishment of social security system; (3) stimulation of industry recover and agriculture; (4)formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to strengthen labor’s laws to strengthen labor’s role in relationship to production; and (5) improvement of the situation of minorities and members of certain religious groups.
7. （1）Many factors led to the appearance of a new culture. First, the institution of five-day workweek and increases in wages gave Americans more free time. Also, modern technology made work less time-consuming. This led Americans to look for new ways for entertainment and relaxation. Accordingly, consumerism appeared. Businesses used various advertisements to attract people’s interest in products and services. Music, radio, sports, and games became great sources of pleasure and enjoyment for people.
8. （1）The United States was weakened as a result of the long war. (2) American society had never been so divided since the Civil War. (3) There was serious disagreement within the ruling circle. (4)The image of the United States, especially the image of the American armed forces, was discredited.
9. （1）Johnson was elected to a new term with widespread popular support in 1964. He pushed through Congress many social programs collectively known as his “Great Society” program. (2) The program included federal aid to education, the arts and the humanities, health insurance for the elderly and for the poor, low-cost housing for low-income Americans and revival of urban districts. (3) The Voting Rights Act of1965 finally enabled all black Americans to vote. (4) Discrimination in immigration was also ended with the repealing of the national origins quotas law, causing a great increase in entry visas for Asians.
